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Guano of the eastern horseshoe bats helped archaeologists
Guano of the eastern horseshoe bats helped archaeologists
UOW Ph.D. student Conor McAdams said for an experimental microarchaeological study of guano-driven diagenesis in tropical cave sediments; "Our bat poo experiment might seem like mad science, but it is helping to fill gaps in the story of the peopling of Southeast Asia over the last tens of thousands of years". Novel method provides time-series micromorphological analysis of diagenetic change.
The researchers, University of Wollongong (UOW) Ph.D. student Conor McAdams, and his supervisors, Associate Professor Mike Morley (Flinders University) and Distinguished Professor Richard "Bert" Roberts (UOW, Director of the ARC Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage), are seeking to expand knowledge of the first modern humans to arrive in Southeast Asia. "Our bat poo experiment might seem like mad science, but it is helping to fill gaps in the story of the peopling of Southeast Asia over the last tens of thousands of years," Mr McAdams said. The bat guano experiment was inspired during an archaeological dig at Con Moong Cave, one of the most significant archaeological sites in Vietnam, with a history of occupation that began more than 42,000 years ago. The study is published in the Journal of Archaeological Science.
The study is published in the Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports. While excavating a section of the cave floor they discovered a thick layer of ancient, soaking wet bat guano. Since caves once occupied by human ancestors are often also occupied by bat colonies at different times, it is not uncommon for any archaeological artifacts they contain to be buried in guano-rich sediments. In tropical regions, bats often live in much bigger colonies as there is generally more biomass. That means there is a tendency for bigger guano deposits to form. The bat guano in Con Moong Cave is almost 4-metres thick. "We wanted to understand what the environment was like, thousands of years ago, in Con Moong Cave," Mr McAdams said. "We also wanted to understand how that environment might have changed, and whether archaeological remains might have been destroyed as a result of those changing environments, or the presence of bat guano. Bat guano is important when interpreting archaeological caves, because it is known to become acidic and destroy archaeological materials. But it also forms phosphate minerals, which can be useful as environmental indicators." To better understand how the waterlogged guano in Con Moong Cave might have altered bones, stones, charcoal and other organic remains, the researchers designed a laboratory experiment.
Back in Australia, they collected "a couple of large Santa-sacks" of guano from a cave in New South Wales that is home to a large colony of bats with a similar insect diet to the bats of Con Moong Cave. "We were very lucky to be taken to the largest known colony of horseshoe bats in Australia by some researchers who work for the Department of Primary Industries in NSW. Standing in that chamber, surrounded by thousands of tiny, shrieking bats was a truly intense experience. I have goosebumps thinking about it!" McAdams said.
At UOW, they placed a range of materials similar to those likely to have been left behind by hunter-gatherers in Southeast Asia, including bone, bamboo, charcoal, limestone and clay, in 24 containers and covered them in a thick layer of wet bat guano. To recreate the hot, humid conditions experienced in Con Moong Cave tens of thousands of years ago, they put the containers in an oven set to 30℃. The experiment may not have endeared them to colleagues in the vicinity of the lab. "Fresh bat poo smells strongly of ammonia, but when we waterlogged it the smell changed," McAdams said. "It absolutely stank, just like human poo, because of the activities of bacteria in the anoxic waterlogged environment. They produced hydrogen sulfide, which smells like rotten eggs, and they produced a lot of it. The smell was very strong and could be detected quite some distance away from the experiment, so you can imagine how popular we were in the department!" Over the course of two years, they excavated the contents of one container every month and recorded the changes that had taken place.
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